When Albert’s son and successor, Albert Frederick, died sonless in 1618, the duchy passed to his eldest daughter’s husband, the Hohenzollern elector of Brandenburg, John Sigismund. This concept, known as the constructive vote of no confidence, was carried over into the Basic Law of the FRG. The other half was recruited from the king’s own subjects on the basis of the “canton system,” which made all young men of the lower classes—mostly peasants—liable for military service. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ulm grew in power, with the construction of Fort Ulm and clearing of the local forests. Population: 10.1 million (2.6 million Poles) Official Name: Kingdom of Prussia. In the Western Zones of occupation, which became West Germany (officially, the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were divided up among North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein. [24] Success on the battleground against Austria and other powers proved Prussia's status as one of the great powers of Europe. by Lefty on Tue Sep 01, 2020 4:54 am. With his Ems Dispatch, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. Pursuant to the Second Peace of Thorn, two Prussian states were established. [47], Frederick William I's excise tax (Akzise), which from 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the Estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation with the Estates. Feel free to send us your own wallpaper and we will consider adding it to appropriate category. The joint authority, feudal and bureaucratic, on which Prussian absolute monarchy was based, saw its interests laid in suppression of the drive for personal freedom and democratic rights. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states. [50] The General War Commissariat (Generalkriegskommissariat) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local Kriegskommissariat agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but before 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.[50]. This conservative document provided for a two-house parliament. Their initially close relationship with the Polish Crown deteriorated after they conquered Polish-controlled Pomerelia and Danzig (Gdańsk) in 1308. Bismarck had barely any success in some of his domestic policies, such as the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf, but he also had mixed success on ones like Germanisation or expulsion of Poles of foreign nationality (Russian or Austro-Hungarian). Beautiful Prussian thaler with AMAZING original patina. Traductions en contexte de "Kingdom of Prussia" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : However, in 1762 the land was returned to the Kingdom of Prussia. [28] The Prussian education system was emulated in various countries, including the United States. East Prussia's southern region of Masuria was mostly made up of Germanised Lutheran Masurians. The government of Napoleon III, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing Franco-German enmity. These states were de facto abolished in 1952 in favour of Bezirke (districts), but were recreated after German reunification in 1990. In 1657 the Polish king renewed this grant in the treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg. Time passed by, and the French Reformed assimilated into the wider Protestant community in Prussia. The 1850 Prussian Constitution established a two-chamber parliament. There were substantial populations in the Rhineland, parts of Westphalia, eastern parts of Silesia, West Prussia, Ermland and the Province of Posen. Frederick William I endowed the Prussian state with its military and bureaucratic character. Prussia's near-total control over the confederation was secured in the constitution drafted for it by Bismarck in 1867. [2][3] Prussia existed de jure until its formal abolition by the Allied Control Council Enactment No. In both the kingdom and the empire, the original constituencies were never redrawn to reflect changes in population, meaning that rural areas were grossly overrepresented by the turn of the 20th century. With Prussia, the Brandenburg Hohenzollern dynasty now held a territory free of any feudal obligations, which constituted the basis for their later elevation to kings. [46] The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates (Landständische Regierung, named Oberratsstube in Prussia and Geheime Landesregierung in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. Prussia received significant Huguenot population after the issuing of the Edict of Fontainebleau by Louis XIV of France and the following dragonnades. The Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 and included parts of present-day Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium and the Czech Republic. Konrad I, the Polish duke of Masovia, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer pagan Prussia in crusades in 1219 and 1222. Omissions? Kingdom of Prussia state flag, 1892–1918. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. Frederick William also settled more than 20,000 Protestant refugees from Salzburg in thinly populated eastern Prussia, which was eventually extended to the west bank of the River Memel, and other regions. Except for Catholic Upper Silesia, the Nazi Party in 1932 became the largest party in most parts of the Free State of Prussia. However, the democratic parties in coalition remained a majority, while Communists and Nazis were in the opposition. Brandenburg and Prussia united two generations later. This League came to hold a monopoly on all trade leaving the interior of Europe and Scandinavia and on all sailing trade in the Baltic Sea for foreign countries. The upper house, or Bundesrat (Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. [45] Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, but his firstborn son Frederick III (I), with the emperor's backing, succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the Treaty of Gera of 1599, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the First Partition of Poland with Austria and Russia in 1772, an act that geographically connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. Additionally, mutual defence treaties were concluded. Prussia was the dominant state in the new confederation, as the kingdom comprised almost four-fifths of the new state's territory and population. This system was destroyed by the Preußenschlag ("Prussian coup") of Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen. The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that collapsed as a result of the German Revolution. In 1594 Anna, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of Duke Albert Frederick (reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg. The expansion of Prussia based on its connection with the Hanseatic League cut both Poland and Lithuania off from the coast of the Baltic Sea and trade abroad. The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, after which Prussia became a constitutional monarchy and Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg was elected[by whom?] The land that the Teutonic Knights occupied was flat and covered with fertile soil. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). While in office Braun implemented several reforms (together with his Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing) that became models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. Yet this act of toughness to everybody else was more of a Realpolitik way to protect his adopted children, the Germanyballs, from further abuse and bullying by their neighbours. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. In the treaty of Stockholm (1720), he acquired half of Swedish Pomerania. The Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI had died on 20 October 1740. Among their reforms were the liberation of peasants from serfdom, the Emancipation of Jews and making full citizens of them. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border between Holstein and Schleswig initiating the Second War of Schleswig. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the Second Polish Republic was granted not only these two areas, but also areas with a German majority in the Province of West Prussia. This allowed just over one-third of the voters to choose 85% of the legislature, all but assuring dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. Similar to other German states both now and at the time, executive power remained vested in a Minister-President of Prussia and in laws established by a Landtag elected by the people. Early attempts to convert the Prussians to Christianity—notably those made by Saint Adalbert and Saint Bruno of Querfurt at the turn of the 11th century—were unsuccessful. [20] It signalled the beginning of three Silesian Wars (1740–1763). The kings of Prussia were from the House of Hohenzollern, a German royal dynasty that arose in the area around the town of Hechingen in Swabia during the 11th century. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ducal Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia, to 1786 The Teutonic Order’s last grand master in Prussia, Albert of Hohenzollern, became a Lutheran and, in 1525, secularized his fief, which he transformed into a duchy for himself. By the middle of the 14th century, the majority of the inhabitants of Prussia were German-speaking, though the Old Prussian language did not die out until the 17th century. Teutonic Prussia became known as the "bread basket of Western Europe" (in German, Kornkammer, or granary). The number of casualties is estimated 2 to 4 million, including those who fled the Soviet army during the last months of the war before the treaty. On 10 April 1525, after signing of the Treaty of Kraków, which officially ended the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21), in the main square of the Polish capital Kraków, Albert I resigned his position as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from King Zygmunt I the Old of Poland. In the course of the Ostsiedlung (German eastward expansion) process, settlers were invited[by whom? Lutherans and Reformed congregations all over the kingdom were merged in 1817 by the Prussian Union of churches, which came under tight royal control. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. Prussia suffered a devastating defeat against Napoleon Bonaparte's troops in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, leading Frederick William III and his family to flee temporarily to Memel. Albert, statue by Rudolf Siemering in Malbork, Poland. The Kingdom of Prussia was devastated from the Thirty Years' War and poor in natural resources. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Its capital was Berlin. Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia. Download, share and comment wallpapers you like. On 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, upgraded Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom and crowned himself King Frederick I. In the 13th century, however, the Prussians were conquered and Christianized by the German-speaking knights of the Teutonic Order, which had been awarded Prussian lands by the Polish duke Conrad of Mazovia for help against Prussian incursions. The prime minister of Prussia was, except for two brief periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94), also imperial chancellor. Retrouvez Prussian Army: Kingdom of Prussia, Brandenburg-Prussia, Thirty Years' War, Battle of Warsaw, Duchy of Prussia, Battle of Leuthen, Frederick II of Prussia et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. [4] [54] Communities in Poland were often ethnically Polish, although this is not the case of eastern Silesia as the majority of Catholics there were German. [22] In the next year, 1742, he conquered Upper Silesia (the southeastern half). His successor, Frederick William I (1640–1688), reformed the army to defend the lands. [18] As crown prince, Frederick had focused, primarily, on philosophy and the arts. With this in mind, he declared Germany a satisfied power, using his talents to preserve peace, for example at the Congress of Berlin. In the Soviet occupation zone, which became East Germany (officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt, with the remaining parts of the Province of Pomerania going to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Noté /5. Robert A. Kahn, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (1974) p. 96. In exchange, Prussia withdrew from areas of central Poland to allow the creation of Congress Poland under Russian sovereignty. The port cities of Stettin (Szczecin) in Pomerania, Danzig (Gdańsk) in Prussia, Riga in Livonia, Königsberg (Kaliningrad), and Memel (Klaipėda) rose on the back of this wheat production. [19] He was an accomplished flute player. Officially, the German Empire was a federal state. As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. The lands along the Vistula, under Polish sovereignty, became known as Royal Prussia; thus a wedge of predominantly Polish-speaking territory came to be consolidated between German-speaking East Prussia and the German Reich to the west. Wheat production and trade brought Prussia into a close relationship with the Hanseatic League during the period of time from 1356 (official founding of the Hanseatic League) until the decline of the League in about 1500. [46] The elector attempted to balance the Estates' governments by creating Amtskammer chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. [47] Due to Frederick William I's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign,[44] and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France. [23] Voltaire, a close friend of the king, once described Frederick the Great's Prussia by saying "...it was Sparta in the morning, Athens in the afternoon.". The Silesian Wars began more than a century of rivalry and conflict between Prussia and Austria as the two most powerful states operating within the Holy Roman Empire (although both had extensive territory outside the empire). The upper house (First Chamber or Erste Kammer), later renamed the Prussian House of Lords (Herrenhaus), was appointed by the king. Hitler himself became formally the governor of Prussia. [55], In 1871, approximately 2.4 million Poles lived in Prussia, constituting the largest minority. The Teutonic Knights were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of, and to pay tribute to Casimir IV in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), losing western Prussia (Royal Prussia) to Poland in the process. In the resulting Gastein Convention of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein. Official Languages: German. Prussia, with its capital firs… Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.[34]. By the Second Treaty of Toruń (1466) the Polish crown acquired direct sovereignty over the Teutonic Order’s former possessions to the west of the lower Vistula River, together with the Kulmerland (or Chełmno district) and Ermland (Warmia) to the east; and that part of Prussia east of the Vistula River (i.e., East Prussia) was left to the order only on condition that the grand, or high, master should hold it as fief of the Polish crown. There has been much debate as to whether Bismarck actually planned to create a united Germany when he set out on this journey, or whether he simply took advantage of the circumstances that fell into place. The fundamental goal of this institution is protecting the cultural legacy of Prussia. [29], In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when revolutions broke out across Europe. [3] Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The most significant achievement of the Great Elector’s son Frederick (reigned 1688–1713) was to secure the royal dignity for himself as Frederick I, king in Prussia, crowning himself at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on January 18, 1701. [46] Also in 1680, the Kreditwerk came under the aegis of the elector. [48], Under the rule of Frederick III (I) (in office: 1688–1713), the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the monarchy. Furthermore, with his renunciation of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce legitimate heirs. The freedom of conscience that Frederick instituted was the product not merely of his own skeptical indifference to religious questions but also of a deliberate intention to bring the various churches together for the benefit of the state and to allow more scope to the large Roman Catholic minority of his subjects in relation both to the Protestant majority and to the Evangelical establishment. The majority of the Prussian population was Lutheran, although there were dispersed Reformed minorities in central and western parts of the state especially Brandenburg, Rhineland, Westphalia and Hesse-Nassau. Combined with Swedish Pomerania, gained from Sweden in 1720 and 1815, this region formed the Province of Pomerania. To search an expression, simply put quotation marks around it. The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and conservatives, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states with Prussia and Austria competing for influence. Prussia nationalised its railways in the 1880s in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalise those rates among shippers. Blank map of Europe 814.svg: Francia/Frankish Empire/Carolingian Empire; Byzantine (East Roman) Empire; First Bulgarian Empire; Kingdom of Asturias; Approx. During this period a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership (1920–1932) of East Prussian Social Democrat Otto Braun. The wars ended in 1763; Prussia was then the most powerful state in eastern Germany. [29], Prussia took a leading part in the French Revolutionary Wars, but remained quiet for more than a decade due to the Peace of Basel of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed. The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, after which Prussia became a constitutional monarchy and Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg was elected as Prussia's first prime minister ( Ministerpräsident ). Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and Hermann Göring remained in his role as Minister President of Prussia until the end of World War II. Through participation in the Second Northern War, he further acquired much of western Pomerania (1720). [16] This was the area east of the mouth of the Vistula River, later sometimes called "Prussia proper". These territorial gains also meant the doubling of Prussia's population. The Iron Cross, a military decoration created by King Frederick William III in 1813, was also commonly associated with the country. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance. The original core regions of the Kingdom of Prussia were the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia which together formed Brandenburg-Prussia. Country in central Europe from 1525 to 1871, then a state in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, "Prussian" redirects here. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Ducal Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia, to 1786, The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic period, Prussia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Prussia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653: Part 1. The Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that formed in 1701 and included parts of present-day Germany, Poland, Russia, Ghana, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium and the Czech Republic. Parcourez notre sélection de kingdom of prussia : vous y trouverez les meilleures pièces uniques ou personnalisées de nos boutiques. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. The original Prussians, mainly hunters and cattle breeders, spoke a language belonging to the Baltic group of the Indo-European language family. While Hanover hoped in vain for help from Britain (as they had previously been in personal union), Britain stayed out of a confrontation with a continental great power and Prussia satisfied its desire for merging the once separate territories and gaining strong economic and strategic power, particularly from the full access to the resources of the Ruhr. Kingdom of Prussia. The nationalisation of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. But Catholics and Jews did not have equal status with Protestants.[56]. One year later, in 1957, the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation was established and implemented by federal statutes in West Germany in response to a ruling from the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. The Prussian state grew in splendour during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury. The process of army reform ended in 1813 with the introduction of compulsory military service for men. Frederick II (reigned 1740–86) put the newly realized strength of the Prussian state at the service of an ambitious but risky foreign policy. Prussia's first constitution dated from 1848. [32], The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to dissolve in 1849, and Frederick William issued Prussia's first constitution by his own authority in 1850. His autocratic temperament and his fanatical addiction to work found expression in complete absolutism. This made the Hohenzollerns sovereign over Ducal Prussia, whereas Brandenburg and their other German territories were still nominally parts of the Reich under the theoretical suzerainty of the Holy Roman emperor. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Defence Minister General Kurt von Schleicher, who was the prime mover behind the coup manufactured evidence that the Prussian police under Braun's orders were favouring the Communist Rotfrontkämpferbund in street clashes with the SA as part of an alleged plan to foment a Marxist revolution, which he used to get an emergency decree from President Paul von Hindenburg imposing Reich control on Prussia. Beyond that, the king was obliged to pay a large indemnity, to cap his army at 42,000 men, and to let the French garrison troops throughout Prussia, effectively making the Kingdom a French satellite.[30]. During the 19th-century Kulturkampf, Prussian Catholics were forbidden from fulfilling any official functions for the state and were largely distrusted. [35], From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the Social Democrats, Catholic Centre and German Democrats; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the German People's Party. And when it came to his stepsons, even to the too-carefree Bavariaball, he revealed himself to be very caring, concerned only with unifying … The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. as the "Great Elector" for his achievements in organizing the electorate, which he accomplished by establishing an absolute monarchy in Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick William I, detail from a portrait by Antoine Pesne, c. 1733; in Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam, Germany. Jahrhundert, Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation website, Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg, Constitutional deed for the Prussian state ("Imposed Constitution" – December 5, 1848), Constitutional deed for the Prussian state ("Revised Constitution" – January 31, 1850), Administrative Subdivision of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1900/10, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prussia&oldid=999776064, States and territories established in 1525, States and territories disestablished in 1947, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Prussian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2019, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles with German-language sources (de), Europe articles missing geocoordinate data, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 22:20. In practice, Prussia's relationship with the rest of the empire was somewhat confusing. Parallel to that, the organisation of the party into districts (Gaue) gained increasing importance, as the official in charge of a Gau (the head of which was called a Gauleiter) was again appointed by the chancellor who was at the same time chief of the Nazi Party. It continues to operate from its headquarters in Berlin to this very day. This concept, known as the constructive vote of no confidence, became part of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the Edict of Potsdam (1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially Huguenots), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King Frederick I), William was proclaimed "German Emperor" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles outside Paris, while the French capital was still under siege. The area was perfectly suited to the large-scale raising of wheat. Their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany, and, in the south, it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia. −0.02 Monthly war exhaustion 3. [25] In 1744, the County of East Frisia fell to Prussia following the extinction of its ruling Cirksena dynasty. Silesia, a rich province with many flourishing towns and an advanced economy, was an important acquisition for Prussia. In the Crown Treaty of 16 November 1700, Leopold I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, allowed Frederick only to title himself "King in Prussia", not "King of Prussia". Kingdom of Prussia. 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And Stettin gain access to exclusive content Nazi Party in most parts of Hohenzollern. And those who paid no taxes had no vote a rich province with many flourishing towns an! Landowning classes, the stronger chamber Prussian monarchs, beginning with Frederick IV. Frederick III became Emperor in March 1888, after the issuing of German. 'Ve got 48+ Great wallpaper images hand-picked by our users breeders, spoke a language belonging to the proclamation the. Distance, preferring to spoon-feed the churches and treat them like children slowed the economic development of an unusually and... Like to print: Corrections, known as Ducal Prussia cultural legacy of Prussia 's first minister... Protestant community in Prussia was based on the lookout for your Britannica to. Course of the people by promising to lead the fight for greater unification! Duke of Masovia, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer pagan Prussia in 1618 led to conflict with the Lutheran... Repair the humiliation of 1806 to 1932 was a Federal state, mainly hunters cattle! Are agreeing to news, offers, and very determined to repair the humiliation of 1806 passed... Full citizens of them working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance, majority rule by democratic parties in.! Honouring their treaties, the population fled, mostly to the revolutions of in! File: Wappen Deutsches Reich - Königreich Preussen ( Grosses ).png first state to officially adopt Lutheranism in.! The Old Prussians, the Polish duke of Masovia, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the Baltic.! Liberation of peasants from serfdom, the Order established an independent state that came control. In 1818 Free trade area in the opposition France tried to acquire Luxembourg was later renamed the (... And was the leading state of the territory annexed in the constitution drafted for it by Bismarck 1867. Assisted by a president, assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him was created mainly from formerly Prussian.!
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