This text is now lost to history, but was quoted in secondary literature by later Greeks such as Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo. Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Iconography of Balarāma, Abhinav Publications, 1979, L. A. Waddell (1914), Besnagar Pillar Inscription. For example (left to right): Srinath, Jagannath, Vithoba. [76][77], The ancient Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali in his Mahabhashya makes several references to Krishna and his associates found in later Indian texts. [218], Krishna iconography has also been found in Thailand, along with those of Surya and Vishnu. [250], Baháʼís believe that Krishna was a "Manifestation of God", or one in a line of prophets who have revealed the Word of God progressively for a gradually maturing humanity. [187][199][200], The bhakti movements devoted to Krishna became prominent in southern India in the 7th to 9th centuries CE. [34][35] Some names for Krishna hold regional importance; Jagannatha, found in Puri Hindu temple, is a popular incarnation in Odisha state and nearby regions of eastern India.[36][37][38]. These are dramatic enactments of Krishna's childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. “His life was a perfect example of how to remain unscorched in the midst of the worldly fire,” Amma says. [82][83] The Bhagavata Purana consists of twelve books subdivided into 332 chapters, with a cumulative total of between 16,000 and 18,000 verses depending on the version. [136] Krishna's life is closer to that of a human being in Harivamsa, but is a symbolic universe in the Bhagavata Purana, where Krishna is within the universe and beyond it, as well as the universe itself, always. Sri Krishna, being a great spiritual leader of his time, also chose to perform certain worldly activities. [115]:256, This Lila is a constant theme in the legends of Krishna's childhood and youth. Sri krishna collections. Thank you. [12][123], According to the epic poem Mahabharata, Krishna becomes Arjuna's charioteer for the Kurukshetra War, but on the condition that he personally will not raise any weapon. [106], This summary is a mythological account, based on literary details from the Mahābhārata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana. [195][196] According to Andre Couture, the Harivamsa contributed to the synthesis of various characters as aspects of Krishna. [220] Rather, either his childhood or the life as a king and Arjuna's companion have been more favored. [121], In Krishna-related Hindu traditions, he is most commonly seen with Radha. That is why he was always able to give a big smile. The earliest works included those of the Alvar saints of the Tamil Nadu. [64] This phrase, which means "To Krishna the son of Devaki", has been mentioned by scholars such as Max Müller[65] as a potential source of fables and Vedic lore about Krishna in the Mahabharata and other ancient literature – only potential because this verse could have been interpolated into the text,[65] or the Krishna Devakiputra, could be different from the deity Krishna. Krishna's life is presented as a cosmic play (Lila), where his youth is set as a princely life with his foster father Nanda portrayed as a king. A year later in 1966, after gaining many followers, he was able to form the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement. The terms Krishnaism and Vishnuism have sometimes been used to distinguish the two, the former implying that Krishna is the transcendent Supreme Being. [224], Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins and techniques to the ancient Sama Veda and Natyasastra texts. Krishna forgives Jara and dies. This inclusion of Krishna-related legends in ancient Buddhist and Jaina literature suggests that Krishna theology was existent and important in the religious landscape observed by non-Hindu traditions of ancient India. [39], Around 180 BCE the Indo-Greek king Agathocles issued some coinage bearing images of deities that are now interpreted as being related to Vaisnava imagery in India. Krishna befriends Arjuna and the other Pandava princes of the Kuru kingdom. [24][25] He is a pan-Hindu god, but is particularly revered in some locations such as Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh, Dwarka and Junagadh in Gujarat; the Jagannatha aspect in Odisha, Mayapur in West Bengal;[26] in the form of Vithoba in Pandharpur, Maharashtra, Shrinathji at Nathdwara in Rajasthan,[27] Udupi Krishna in Karnataka,[28] Parthasarathy in Tamil Nadu and Guruvayoorappan in Guruvayoor in Kerala. ABOUT; Contact us; Disclaimer; Thereafter Pandavas rise. It is dated to the 1st century CE and mentions the five Vrishni heroes, otherwise known as Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha, and Samba. [114], Krishna's childhood illustrates the Hindu concept of Lila, playing for fun and enjoyment and not for sport or gain. In his 125 years of life, [233] The stories of these triads can be found in the Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) of Jinasena (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to Mahābhārata) and the Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita of Hemachandra. So Kamsa imprisoned Devaki and had each child she bore murdered. Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press. See Jerome H. Bauer "Hero of Wonders, Hero in Deeds: Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement, Columbia University Press. He faced every difficulty under the sun, but there was no place for sorrow in Sri Krishna’s presence. Yesterday at 4:41 PM. [220][221][222] Krishna remained a part of the Javanese cultural and theological fabric through the 14th century, as evidenced by the 14th-century Penataran reliefs along with those of the Hindu god Rama in east Java, before Islam replaced Buddhism and Hinduism on the island. Krishna’s life was so full, it would be impossible to recount it all here. [133] Differing in some details, the fifth book of the Vishnu Purana moves away from Harivamsa realism and embeds Krishna in mystical terms and eulogies. [230], Classical dance styles such as Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam in particular are known for their Krishna-related performances. [249], Krishna is mentioned as Krishna Avtar in the Chaubis Avtar, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. KRISHNA. ॐ | terms of use | sitemap | contact | eServices, Amrita Hospital joins hands with Government to begin COVID-19 vaccinations, Make a spring season blossom all around us, Seek, and you will find. [229], Krishna-related literature such as the Bhagavata Purana accords a metaphysical significance to the performances and treats them as a religious ritual, infusing daily life with spiritual meaning, thus representing a good, honest, happy life. The movement originated in South India during the 7th CE, spreading northwards from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra; by the 15th century, it was established in Bengal and northern India. On Monday, January 18, Karnataka chief minister B S … These include ancient Bhagavatism, the cult of Gopala, of "Krishna Govinda" (cow-finding Krishna), of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) and of "Krishna Gopivallabha" (Krishna the lover). [21], The synonyms of Krishna have been traced to 1st millennium BCE literature. In his company everyone rejoiced, forgetting all else. [138][86], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered as the incarnation of Krishna in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and by the ISKCON community[139][140][141] Ramdev pir is considered as an incarnation of Krishna. Because I always use “sri” for Ramana and Nisargadatta, I’ve chosen that form here for Atmananda as well. [210], By 1965 the Krishna-bhakti movement had spread outside India after Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (as instructed by his guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura) traveled from his homeland in West Bengal to New York City. The Jain texts state that Neminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. The tradition of Krishna appears to be an amalgamation of several independent deities of ancient India, the earliest to be attested being Vāsudeva. A note on language: Whether written as “shri” or “sri”, the word is an Indian honorific denoting a great guru. The honorary title "Sri" (also spelled "Shri") is often used before the name of Krishna. [211][212] Its chanting was known as hari-nama sankirtana. Seeing Krishna as a perfect personification of divinity, to this day hundreds of millions of people pray to him, chant his names, meditate on his form and try to put his teachings into practice. Upon arrival at the battlefield and seeing that the enemies are his family, his grandfather, and his cousins and loved ones, Arjuna is moved and says his heart will not allow him to fight and kill others. Candidates may refer this Building Materials study material for their GATE / IES / PSUs and other … ", While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Krishna-Vasudeva and make him a student of the Buddha in his previous life,[246] the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an avatar of Vishnu. [207] In southern India, Purandara Dasa and Kanakadasa of Karnataka composed songs devoted to the Krishna image of Udupi. [84][85] The tenth book of the text, which contains about 4,000 verses (~25%) and is dedicated to legends about Krishna, has been the most popular and widely studied part of this text. He is a central character in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana and the Bhagavad Gita, and is mentioned in many Hindu philosophical, theological, and mythological texts. Even now, after all this time, doesn’t the mere thought of him fill us with bliss?”, © [223], The medieval era arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna. "Greater Krishnaism" corresponds to the second and dominant phase of Vaishnavism, revolving around the cults of the Vasudeva, Krishna, and Gopala of the late Vedic period. Even then, not once was his countenance clouded by sorrow. [117] In one version of the Krishna story, as narrated by Shanta Rao, Krishna after Kamsa's death leads the Yadavas to the newly built city of Dwaraka. [92][93] In this form, he is usually shown standing with one leg bent in front of the other in the Tribhanga posture. In 3228 BCE in Mathura, India, a child was born who was destined to reshape the spiritual and temporal destiny of mankind—Sri Krishna. When Krishna is born, Vasudeva secretly carries the infant Krishna away across the Yamuna and exchanges him. 0. A sage had told his egoistic uncle, King Kamsa, that he would be killed by his sister Devaki’s child. [169][170][171] Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as. [54], A Mora stone slab found at the Mathura-Vrindavan archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, held now in the Mathura Museum, has a Brahmi inscription. [119] According to Dennis Hudson, this is a metaphor where each of the eight wives signifies a different aspect of him. I have seen the beauty of immortal eyes, And heard the passion of the Lover’s flute, And known a deathless ecstasy’s surprise And sorrow in my heart for ever mute. [70], In Ashṭādhyāyī, authored by the ancient grammarian Pāṇini (probably belonged to the 5th or 6th century BCE), Vāsudeva and Arjuna, as recipients of worship, are referred to together in the same sutra. This article is about the Hindu deity laughter. ” Hare Murari Piano Notes for Shri Krishna Govind Murari... Story of Krishna occurs in the West, as well many peculiarities and may be a significant tradition Krishna... 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