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gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. The given name(s) normally comes before the surname. The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm. 29. But -imi is normal as well for the masculine nouns of the fifth declension, for example – akmenimi / akmeniu. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. of a person. The column to the right from these, are for the forms of the first (-as, -is, -ys, -ias) and second (-a (-ia), -ė) declensions; one word, žmogus, is of the fourth in singular. The wife may keep her maiden name (mergautinė pavardė) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double-barrelled name. Feminine counterparts for agent's words are vertėja, naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative is the same to nominative. watna. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. However, at least one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and another is extinct in the modern language. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. Lithuanian dangus and Latin caelum (also coelum) both mean 'sky, heavens.' The names and surnames of the persons If the singular nominative ends with, Significant part of adjectives, that end with. When more open, it is ā; ā was used in Catechisms in Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary. The use of family names gradually spread to other social groups: the townsfolk by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry. They usually derived from patronymics. sg. The a-paradigm is masculine. The choice of a given name is influenced by fashion. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. and acc. nom. If a masculine name ending in -a has a feminine counterpart, it ends in -ė, e.g. As well as modern names, parents can choose a name or names for their child from a long list of traditional names; these include: These are the most ancient layer of Lithuanian personal names; a majority of them are dual-stemmed personal names, of Indo-European origin. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal (definite) adjective forms, pronouns: gerù (nom. They include Vytautas, Gediminas, Algirdas, and Žygimantas. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. Most of the other modern Indo-European languages have lost these endings, but Lithuanian has preserved them until this very Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo (other is mėnesis); genitive is mėnesio etc. -ais. A word сынъ is given in Old Slavonic cases. The Lithuanian language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter). Duktė – daughter, and sesuo – sister, are the only two feminine words of the fifth declension, they have the suffix -er- in the other cases. Lithuanian surnames have specific masculine and feminine forms. and dideliems in pl. Lithuanian declension varied in dialects. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The elision occur in: Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. Lithuanian surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal, i.e., passed from the father to his children. acc. Although virtually extinct following the Christianization of Lithuania, they continued to exist as surnames, such as Goštautas, Kęsgaila, Radvila or in their Slavicised versions, as well as in toponyms. Masculine adjectives of the III-rd paradigm are of two types, they differ in plural nominative and dative: varinis – copper, brazen, laukinis – wild have pl. Female Lithuanian names end in "-ė" or "-a" wh… The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių). In such situations diminutives are often preferred to the standard forms of given names. Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. sg. The usage of personal names in Lithuania is generally governed (in addition to personal taste and family custom) by three major factors: civil law, canon law, and tradition. In the period between World War I and World War II these names returned to popular use after a long period of neglect. sg. If naudotojas would have and ending -e for vocative it would sound same to feminine: naudotoja = *naudotoje (ja = *je, which is not used combination, because all vowels succeeding j are soft). Lithuanian male names have preserved the Indo-European masculine endings (-as; -is; -us). The first column is for the words of the fifth (-uo, -ens / -ers) declension and the second for the third (-is, -ies). acc. However, not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. Due to differences in masculine and feminine endings, there are no "universal names" which could be used for both males and females. But in speech some of the speakers say, for example, rudenio instead of rudens (this can come on dialectal base), dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense. When these Latin endings succeeded a labial sound, their vowel was originally ŏ: equos – horse, equom; servos – slave, serf, servom. A lot of them developed into surnames, for example, Andrius (from Gr. Veidas magazine, 2008/9, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_name&oldid=1001107279, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2019, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. When the male name ending in -a has its female counterpart, it ends in -ė, such as Jogaila and Jogailė. These are easily made from nouns, adjectives, by adding the suffix -in-. gen. mėnesies is known in dialects). Family names first appeared in Lithuania around 1500,[2] but were reserved for the Lithuanian nobility. Children are often named in honor of the most revered historical Lithuanian rulers; these are some of the most popular names. The consonants preceding vowels [i] and [e] are always moderately palatalized. Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions. Lithuanian acc. [5] For dat. Each Lithuanian consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ]-[b], [dʲ]-[d], [ɡʲ]-[ɡ] and so on). While a masculine surname usually ends in -as , -ys or -is , its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely -uvienė for married women and -aitė , -utė , -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones.Examples: Lithuanian names always follow the rules of the Lithuanian language. The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in masculine. and in the third -ė paradigm in plural (žmonės, žmonių etc.).

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