Another one of the art movements from the 1960s, and typified by works composed of simple art, such as geometric shapes devoid of representational content. By the end of the 1950s and the early 1960s, a group of artists previously linked to Abstract Expressionism shifted their creative course toward geometric abstraction, in particular, creatives like Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly, Color Field painters like Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman, as well as Hard-edge master Ad Reinhardt. It had a great influence on Minimalism in the West, particularly in America in the 18th and 19th century and it is interesting to see how their ideas merged with Western cultures and design needs - take Frank Lloyd Wright, who adopted the Japanese sliding door that allows bringing the exterior to the interior. Minimalism began as an art movement in 1960s New York, focusing on extreme aesthetic austerity. He often created repeating units with a studied, reduced and stark feel to invoke the pure essence of the artistic form. In Minimalist visual arts, the personal, gestural elements were stripped away in order to reveal the objective, purely visual elements of painting and sculpture. Rising to prominence in 1959 with a series of black striped paintings, Stella made a decisive departure from Abstract Expressionism. Art movement Postminimalism is an art term coined (as post-minimalism) by Robert Pincus-Witten in 1971 used in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by, or attempts to develop and go beyond, the aesthetic of minimalism. American Art. Her most important works were created in the early 1960s anticipating in many respects the work of minimalists like Donald Judd. Post-Modernism - Minimalism Post-Modernism is a term that refers to events after the so-called Modern period. Helping establish Conceptual Art and Minimalism of the postwar era, Sol LeWitt created wall drawings, structures, painting and conceptual pieces. Characterized by geometric forms and distinct black finish, sculptures of Tony Smith represent one of the supreme achievements of American sculpture. These early influences gave artists the opportunity to reassess the Surrealist-influenced world of Abstract Expressionism defined by intuitive and spontaneous gestures that had been dominant in American art for almost two decades, largely because of the critical support of writers such as Clement Greenberg and H… Like Pop Art, which emerged simultaneously, Minimalism presented ordinary subject matter in a literal way that lacked expressive features or metaphorical content; likewise, the use of commercial processes smacked of mass production and seemed to reject traditional expectations of skill and originality in art. Created without the base, his pieces stood directly on the floor and used real materials in real space. Their frequent grid-based compositions asked for the artist’s originality and the creation of a special relationship between the viewer and the artwork and in many cases this relationship aimed for physical direct contact in order to work[4]. His most famous pieces are The New National Gallery in Berlin, The Barcelona Pavillion, Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago and the Seagram Building in New York City. FAIA, are well-known minimalist … After sanding the wood and priming it with several coats of gesso, she would apply several coats of acrylic paint to create a mesmerizing visual intensity. © 2013-2021 Widewalls | So wirst du Minimalist:in. A style that evolved as a reaction to Minimalism during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He focused on basic elements of the painting such as color, shape, and composition, following a principle of “line, plane, volume, and point, within space”. Minimalism began as an art movement after World War II and rose to prominence as a design aesthetic in the 1960s and 1970s. One of the most famous examples is that of the Paleolithic cave pai… For instance, because these artworks were entirely self-referential, their presence was meant to be “felt” immediately, through their “hard edges”, or the abrupt transition between areas of solid, unvarying color from a restricted palette, as well as the repetitive patterns and geometric forms resulting in flatness and two-dimensional space. The concept behind the movement was propounded by the critic, Clement Greenberg, who had a powerful influence over many of the artists and designers of his era. Quick view Read more. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Its influences are also incorporated in Land art, through the work of Michael Heizer, Richard Long and Walter de Maria, the famous examples of Feminist art… Today, we still have many contemporary artists associated with Minimalism and the durability of its ideology can perhaps be attributed to the fact that achieving such aesthetics is difficult, yet quite rewarding, both for the audience and the artist. As a result, Minimalism and its objects blurred the line between two and three dimensions, painting and sculpture[3]. Free of the artist’s personal touch, his sculptures were intended to emphasize the purity of the objects themselves rather than any symbolic meaning they might have. Apart from visual arts, architecture and design, its influence can be found in literature and music, in plays and novels of Samuel Beckett and the compositions of John Cage and Philip Glass. It was all sealed with the 1966 Primary Structures group exhibition held at the Jewish Museum in New York and Sol LeWitt’s Paragraphs on Conceptual Art written in 1967. Perhaps even more than paintings, Minimalist sculptures had an important role in the movement, as it was largely about creating three-dimensional forms in space using industrial materials like fiberglass, plastic, plywood, sheet metal, or aluminum, and geometric shapes in bright colors. He advocated the use of simple forms in order for the sculptures to be grasped intuitively by the viewer. If we look at the old architecture and interior designs, we’ll find that they ooze with simple color, clean lines and forms, following the tendencies present in their culture at large. He continued making more complicated work following a natural progression of dynamism, tactility, and scale. They used simple harmonic and melodic patterns in their highly repetitive music. Regarded as one of the early proponents of Minimalism, Robert Morris was guided by the vision of art pared down to simple geometric shapes stripped of metaphorical associations. Perhaps the Minimalism movement is most prominent in Japan, where the presence of Zen Buddhism instills a desire for a kind of candor. The innovations in the field came through materials as well, where steel, concrete, and glass provided new challenges to overcome[6]. The items are honest, in terms of being exactly what they look like delivering nothing more than they promise, are environmental-friendly, thorough and quite long-lasting, counting their every detail. Editor James Meyer is a specialist who has written extensively on many significant artists belonging to Minimalist art. We provide art lovers and art collectors with one of the best places on the planet to discover modern and contemporary art. Her pieces capture the innocence and simplicity of everyday life. Ein minimalistisches Leben kann die Lösung für die materielle Belastung sein, unter der viele Menschen bewusst oder unbewusst leiden. For that reason they attempted to rid their works of any extra-visual association. In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Decluttering our lives and living and breathing stress-free simplicity. So, what’s the motivation behind the sartorial side of the trend? After the 1960s when the movement had its peak, some of the artists radically changed their practice and moved in different personal directions. Yet, his practice exceeded Minimalist ethos, being at the forefront of some other movements such as Process Art and Land Art. The term suggests that we are now using what we learned in the “modern” period, but mixing it with ideas from the more distant past. Minimalism. Exploring subtle variations of color and using the grid as and organizational element in canvases, she blended styles of Minimalism and Color Field. While accepting that the use of industrial materials and constructive principles provided the technical paradigm for advanced sculpture, Donald Judd and Robert Morris took their lead from…, …then declined in imitative, all-too-reductionist. Minimalism reached its peak during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, but many of its practitioners are still alive and well today. These traditional materials were meant to demonstrate their own vulnerability to decay, destruction, or obsolescence. Minimalismus als Lebensstil stellt eine Art Gegenbewegung zu Konsumwahn und Materialismus dar. The minimalist sculpture was all about the piece, and it had nothing to do with the artist. The Japanese Minimalism embraced this way of life and the people did the same in return, although today there are examples of extreme dedication to the aesthetic which goes beyond the already scarce principles of keeping only what’s necessary. Dia Beacon, a museum of mainly Minimalist pieces, exhibits a permanent collection of the best-known artists in the movement. art movement, architectural style: Authority control Q173436 GND ID: 4228187-8 BNCF Thesaurus ID: 44170. Modern & Contemporary Art Resource. As such, it was widely accepted in the fields of Minimal architecture and design, which were more than willing to explore, interpret and apply the dynamics of clean elements. He once stated: “In my work, I don’t want you to look at the surface; I want you to look at the form, the relationships”. A sculptor, visual artist, architectural designer, and a theorist, he studied architecture with László Moholy-Nagy, Gyorgy Kepes and Alexander Archipenko and was an apprentice of Frank Lloyd Wright. With his famous “Less is more” motto, architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe perfectly describes the idea behind his Minimal architecture, which was then adopted by many to follow. This way, Stella gave life to an object swaying between painting, sculpture and even architectural ornament. For them, less truly is more, and this way of thinking fits perfectly with this large island nation in such little space to operate with. Not carving into the substances, nor modeling forms, his works simply involved sorting and placing of raw materials such as bricks, blocks, ingots, or plates. Describing Minimalist sculptures as dependent on the context of their perception, he believed that artwork cannot be self-sufficient in and of itself. Her graceful sculptures were made from standing blocks of wood five to seven feet high. The primary structures of the Minimalist sculptors Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Tony Smith, Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, John McCracken, Craig Kaufman, Robert Duran, and Robert Morris and the hard-edge painting of Jack Youngerman, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, and Gene Davis grew out of these artists’ dissatisfaction with Action painting, a branch of American Abstract Expressionism based on intuitive, spontaneous gesture that had dominated American avant-garde art through much of the 1950s. As the exhibition progressed into the second half of the 20th century, it turned to the emergence of minimalism as an art movement across media. Best known for her evocative paintings marked out in subtle pencil lines and pale color washes, Agnes Martin imparted a legacy of abstraction that has inspired generations of artists. Although radical, and rejecting many of the concerns of the immediately preceding abstract expressionist movement, earlier abstract movements were an important influence on the ideas and techniques of minimalism. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia, she moved to New Mexico in 1967 to lead a life in solitude and silence. In 1962 the first English-language book about the Russian avant-garde, Camilla Gray’s The Great Experiment in Art: 1863-1922, was published. The US minimalist movement represents an increasingly popular critical reflection on the ills of consumerism and an effort to forge new ways of living amidst consumer capitalism. He combined various industrialized materials such as iron, steel, plastic, and Plexiglas. However, turning away from such a successful art movement at the time seemed like a real challenge, since it enjoyed a lot of attention from the public and great critics such as Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg. Postminimalism also sought to move art out of the gallery and into the natural and built environment, thereby freeing the artwork from its status as a commodity and expanding the domain of what is conventionally considered appropriate material for a work of art. Between 1958 and 1960, Frank Stella created his seminal series of Black Paintings, for which he abandoned brushwork, depth and the regular canvas form altogether to make concentrically striped canvases stretched on a thicker wooden chassis that thrust them out from the wall aggressively. Earlier European abstract movements greatly influenced American minimalist art creators. Light and Space is an art movement founded in the 1960s that was connected to several different contemporary movements including minimalism, op-art, and geometric abstraction. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 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