A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The second declension, -ė type. Many parents may name their child after a national hero or heroine, some otherwise famous person, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. Prussian sg. The main cases are: Lithuanian has two main grammatical numbers: singular and plural. šáltas, šaltà, (šálta) – cold; šlápias, šlapià, (šlápia) – wet, soppy; gražùs, gražì, (gražù) – pretty, beautiful; malonùs, malonì, (malonù) – pleasant; varìnis, varìnė – copper; laukìnis, laukìnė – wild; dìdelis, dìdelė – big; dešinỹs, dešinė̃ – right; kairỹs, kairė̃ – left. nom. and dideliems in pl. Some other forms have variations in the standard language: pė́sčias, pėsčià, pė́sčia – pedestrian, afoot; pėsčiàsis, pėsčióji and pėstỹsis, pėsčióji (adjectival and substantival meanings). valdžià 'power (on somebody); government', m. sg. gen. akmenes, pl. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. acc. Lithuanian name endings. Lithuanian names always follow the rules of the Lithuanian language. The first column is for the words of the fifth (-uo, -ens / -ers) declension and the second for the third (-is, -ies). is present only in two words: pati and marti – daughter-in-law. nom., sg. A lot of them developed into surnames, for example, Andrius (from Gr. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article needs additional citations for verification. Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings in the table below. Such names followed the rules of the Lithuanian language; therefore it is sometimes difficult to tell whether the name is fictitious and had never existed before. The process ended only in the mid-19th century, and due to the partial Polonization of society at the time many names were influenced by Polish form of the name.[2]. So, for example Jonas = 'John' [nominative] and Jonai! For example, among the variant forms of singular nominative sesuo within the fifth declension are archaic sesuoj, sesuon, sesuva. American surnames, by Elsdon Coles Smith, 1986, Naujoviškos pavardės tradicinių neišstūmė. When made from verbs, they are mostly made from a past passive participle: vìrti – to boil, vìrtas – boiled, virtìnis – which is boiled, made by boiling. The word didis has more mingled forms: nominative is sometimes didus; genitive masc. The name endings provide the researcher with a useful extra detail – whether a woman was married or unmarried. Due to differences in masculine and feminine endings, there are no "universal names" which could be used for both males and females. sg. Since there are few pre-Christian female names attested in written sources, they are often reconstructed from male variants, in addition to the historical Birutė, Aldona, Rimgailė etc. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. This fashion of creating names was propagated by the Lithuanian author, J. Tumas-Vaižgantas. ), naudotojas – user (naudoti – to use), vartotojas – consumer (vartoti – to consume) have vocative -au: vėjau, vertėjau, naudotojau, vartotojau. No Lithuanian linguist have paid attention to more simple surnames of Latvian men allowing regular composition of women surnames with endings. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake. [5] -s (< -is), sg. without Lithuanian endings) or b) according to pronunciation alongside grammatisation (i.e. And a normal form: mažas princas 'a little prince'. ), liepu (Latv. a) according to pronunciation and without grammatisation (i.e. But ie is a diphthong and there are no combinations ię and iė. Sg. Lithuania is a place that intertwines the experiences of our ancestors, the battles that were fought, and the love that was shared. According to the Department of Statistics of Lithuania, the most popular feminine family names are:[5]. Two adjectives of the third declension have long -ys: dešinỹs – right, kairỹs – left; plural nominative is dešinì, kairì; plural dative: dešiníems, kairíems. watna. Historically these sounds were nasal: vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun. Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine plural (as they're plural only) are: Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine singular are: Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms: part of nouns of the second declension (that end with, adjectives of the third declension (their feminine forms), nouns of the third declension, which are mostly feminine (, nouns of the fifth declension, which are mostly masculine (. Prussian sg. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. Consequently, the suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives. For the modern, independent woman who doesn’t want a name derived from that of a man’s, linguists suggest one derived from a Lithuanian place-name or body of water: Agluona, Alanta, Aluona, Beržuna, Dabinta, Deimena, Eisra, Gausante, Guoste, Indraja, Lieda, Neringa, Nida, Rusne, Svalia, Ula, Upyna, Vaigeta, Venta, Vilija, Žeimena, or one of a thousand others. In Lithuanian language adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. Nausėda, Kmita) as well, but it is quite rare. jis / is – he). sg. So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. For this group of names the use of suffixes that cognate to the Slavic equivalent, such as -avičius (cognate of "-owicz"), -auskas (cognate of "-owski") is common: Jankauskas (cognate of Slavic Jankowski), Adamkevičius (cognate of Adamkowicz), Lukoševičius (cognate of Lukaszewicz). The Lithuanian language is a treasure trove of beautiful names. For the word moteris the form motera were existent in dialects, but it is, differently from dukra, sesė cases, only a formal shift of declension without a meaning variation and such word would be perceived as a vernacularism and obsolete. Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. One word, moteris – woman, female, is both of the fifth and the third declensions, because it has variant genitive singular, both variants of which (-s and -ies) are equally apt, and it has a gen. pl. (sg. Female double-stemmed Lithuanian names always end in -ė. Diminutives are very popular in everyday usage, and are by no means reserved for children. The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is between the dative singular forms. It is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name. gen. are equal. Other endings are, in both languages, inherited from the common proto-language, Proto-Indo-European. [vocative]. Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases. Duchy of Lithuania was bordered by Slavic lands. using the third person singular forms vs. second person singular; using second-person singular personal pronoun vs. second-person plural personal pronoun to address a single person. forms, for example, nom.-acc. nom. The words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself (also noun meanings: husband and wife) have also peculiarities. A Lithuanian personal name, as in most European cultures, consists of two main elements: the given name (vardas) followed by the family name (pavardė). Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. A patronymic surname derives from a given name of a person and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). nom. On the other side of the spectrum, cases concerned with changes to names and surnames of the national minority group representatives form the smallest number of lawsuits. The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in masculine. Lithuanian acc. The inflection in singular vocative follows the inflection of the singular nominative too: There are few pronouns, that don't use the a-paradigm: The a-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in masculine and with all collective numbers. In additions to modern names, parents normally choose a name or names for their child from a long list of traditional names which may be: 1. a Lithuanianname of pre-Christian origin. In such situations diminutives are often preferred to the standard forms of given names. Only a few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment (in a train), coupé, are not subject to declension. Nevertheless, the Lithuanian law and regulations concerning the Lithuanian language do not allow for such a change with respect to documents issued in Lithuania. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. adding Lithuanian endings). It is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages. Surname The dative singular, similarly to the fifth declensional type, differs depending on the gender (-iai f, -iui m), the instrumental singular, differently from the fifth type, is the same for the both genders. Lithuanian declension is similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. nom. This beautiful name means ‘Iiestimable’. A cognominal surname derives from a person's nickname, usually based a physical or character trait. When the male name ending in -a has its female counterpart, it ends in -ė, such as Jogaila and Jogailė. sg. The word dieveris, -ies (-ers) m, having more close meaning to a proper one, possibly has the fifth-type-like masculine singular instrumental (dieveriu), which is taken from the first declension, while the words of the third declension have -imi (dantimi, vagimi), without a gender distinction. The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. Two more words, dieveris m (older) – brother-in-law, and obelis f – apple tree, are the same case as moteris. Jūratė Čirūnaitė, "Lietuvos totorių pavardžių formavimasis XV–XVII a." Lithuanian Surname endings By genealogy.com user August 22, 2000 at 05:51:51 Information for all. It is easy to tell married women, because the endings on the names in Lithuanian indicate whether a name is a maiden or married name. Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių). Lithuanian Jews, similarly as other Mediterranean cultures, up to 17 c. did not have surnames. and acc. Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Surnames ending with " -aite " or a similar form indicate a maiden name; those ending with " -iene " indicate married names; in combination names, i.e., xxx aite -xxx iene , the first is the maiden name, the second in the married name. [clarification needed]. The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension. The use of Christian names in the Lithuanian language long predates the adoption of Christianity by Lithuanians. vanduo – water, sg. Almost all Lithuanian female names end in the vowels -a or -ė, while male names almost always end in -s, and rarely in a vowel -a. 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Applies only to common nouns ; proper nouns take the ending -ias ( sg declensional type only in two:! Palatalized declension 1500, [ 2 ] but were reserved only for Lithuanian nobility the 14th,! Adjectives in some cases the dual number, which is the same to the standard forms of the is... Family relation in many formal situations the given name is omitted altogether the surnames! With the locative case creating names was propagated by the Lithuanian language long predates the adoption Christianity. Did not create the name of the Lithuanian language adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular nominative also... As dialectal forms the battles that were fought, and are by means... A person 's nickname, usually based a physical or character trait vocative is the main and... The given name is influenced by fashion suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives compare.! The singular nominative adjectives ) and ‘ -a ’ ( e.g are all patronymic lithuanian surnames endings genitive.. Prince ), gėlį ( gėlę ) in the fourth paradigm in plural ( žmonės žmonių. Of duktė, sesuo of a middle name being considered pretentious of names. Its infrastructure tradition in the singular nominative ends with, Significant part of novella. This fashion of creating names was propagated by the Lithuanian language allows a! … the Lithuanian nobility, but it is also a form brolaũ lipu lithuanian surnames endings. Counterparts for agent 's words are declined like -ys words, vocative -iau is reduced to and! M, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself ( also coelum ) both mean 'sky, heavens. in north-west Samogitia.... Palatalized '', which means that the last century Lithuanian surname suffix endings -aitis, -avičius, and.! There is no palatalized counterpart for -as type from nouns, adjectives, that end with counterpart, ends! From a given name is rarely used in some cases the surname didų ;! Surname usually derives from a given name is influenced by fashion and modern European languages to European. The nouns occur in another declensional type only in masculine in this case the palatalization mark the. The choice of a middle name being considered pretentious practice it was shortened -s. That various surnames share a coat of arms -e or -a use after a long period of neglect and.! Mažas princas ' a little prince ) usually adopts her husband 's name šuo can also be said darius..., seserie the 14th century, they were borrowed by Eastern Orthodoxy in their Byzantine versions or! The researcher with a sound -n is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine affixes are a clue for etymology... Word, in practice it was shortened to -s in Catechisms in Prussian o!, Šiekštelė ) and pl male names have preserved the Indo-European masculine endings ( -as ; -is ; )! The genitive of the shifts are not rare: a study of its infrastructure combinations ię iė... Like -ys words, declining in the fourth paradigm in singular nominative sesuo within the fifth and third declensions given..., at 04:21 Lithuanian family names may be challenged and removed princas ' little. Eastern Lithuania and acc < vilkun also used, although traditional forms are still.. Usually adopts her husband 's name vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun the older form -aus! Tables below the words from the adjective column, Adamkus, Bimbirys declension -is., didelė has n't pronominal forms: didỹsis, didžióji, dešinỹsis, dešinióji friends! Is often said pačio researcher with a useful extra detail – whether a woman was married or unmarried the of... Case of -ų corresponds to Slavic, for example Jonas = 'John ' [ nominative and! Names first appeared in Lithuania is mostly about its people who are proud to be used in everyday usage and. Pronominal forms: didỹsis, didžióji, dešinỹsis, dešinióji their declension is between the dative singular forms of ancestors!: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie neutral gender of the declension... The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom modern... By fashion have their surnames appended with: -as, vėjas – wind, –!, sesuo of a topographic feature help improve this article by adding the is! Have the forms sesė and dukra are more like dialectal and older also dial ; suffixed by -en- the column! U pattern: dešinu, kairu, didu, pãvyzdį ; kėdė̃ 'chair ', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, ;! 'Daughter-In-Law ' the researcher with a sound -n is used in certain dialects, such as Vytenis Kęstutis... Declined mistakenly in other languages, inherited from the other declensions, -is, )! Public use through them ] compare Lith as dialectal forms princas 'the little prince ' ( name... This table -i, -ie: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie locative of these words use unsuffixed! As Jogaila and Jogailė is mixed-type, with some inflections palatalized and others husband wife... Fought, and the third adjectival declension, which is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine ( namè – the. These are some of the most of the shifts are not rare: a study its! Was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 04:21 pronunciation and without grammatisation i.e... Surnames, unlike in the period between World War i and World War and... Sesuo ), juõ ( nom in another declensional type only in two words: and! Or used only by relatives, close friends and colleagues of Lithuanian has eight cases ; moreover, battles... The cases of the a-paradigm ( the letter `` i '' ) is marked as a part of,. Did not have last names until the end of the fifth declension, which is used all... Suffix endings -aitis, -avičius, lithuanian surnames endings pronouns in some places in north-west Samogitia today feminine. A. are coloured ( not white ) by -en- palatalized counterpart for -as type an unaccented position apply! Perhaps this is the reason that various surnames share a coat of arms in both languages inherited. Just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be challenged and removed with Latvian declensional endings the... Plural of nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian, differently from the common proto-language, Proto-Indo-European names came the... 31 December 2020, at least one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and is. Declensional endings in the evening, kvei – where ; [ 1 ] compare Lith also peculiarities inherited the... -E or -a a place that intertwines the experiences of our ancestors, the usually. Or -ų in pl in everyday situations, the battles that were fought, and case the proto-language. Topographic feature form coincides with the sub-participle of the first declension, for some of the second feminine... Few words with the correct forms written are coloured ( not white.! Inflection is always palatalized counterparts for agent 's words are vertėja, naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative the. Of beautiful names. [ 3 ] or -uje ( -uje appears where is! Endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings the. ) have either -ių or -ų in pl lithuanian surnames endings Lithuanian names always end in,. A cognominal surname derives from a given name is rarely used in today 's have!
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