Tibetan sky burial: Offer the bodies to birds. It’s the act of leaving a corpse exposed to the elements, often in an elevated location, and only a few different cultures do it, for different reasons and in different ways. The answer is certainly positive. One of the main tenets of Buddhism is compassion, which includes kindness toward all animals. My wife and I had to make quick decisions. What makes this book different from other books on Tibet? He was thrilled, and we had never before been so happy to give it to him. Some health workers may be reluctant to get a COVID vaccine. Sky Burial concerts in Canada : Australia: Sky Burial concerts in Australia : Sky Burial Past Concerts Sky Burial Concerts 2021. The concept was to avoid ghosts. Then I turned and saw about 100 vultures sitting on the hill, waiting. Many of these towers remain throughout Iran and India, along with the ossuaries where the bones finally rest. It is a type of excarnation practiced in some of provinces and regions of China including Tibet, Mongolia, Sichuan, and Qinghai, and also parts of India like Sikkim. My stomach sunk. Then, what looked like a body bag on the stone slab. Returning someone’s corpse back to the elements was a form of generosity to the spirit and a way to protect the society of the living. It differed in that the corpse was not prepared — it was left intact on a short tower with a low parapet around the perimeter (a dakhma, or “tower of silence”). A grand story of love, loss, lyalty and survival. Typically, the yak that is used to transport the body is supposed to be set free after the ritual, which is yet another reason that sky burial can be a costly process. Coral reefs [ edit ] Cremated remains are sometimes placed inside concrete coral reef balls, and ceremoniously placed in the sea as part of a reef ecosystem. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. The eco-friendly approach reflects Taiwan's shifting funerary practices. SKY BURIAL. To their credit they stayed. Oglala Sioux tree burial (via National Archives and Records Administration, College Park), An Apsaroke burial platform (1908) (photograph by Edward S. Curtis, via Library of Congress). Sky Burial. Tibetans see it as a last gift to the universe — a way to show the insignificance and the impermanence of our earthly lives. Then a soldier shot him dead, Man 'too scared to go home' because of COVID-19 allegedly hid in US airport for three months, Why you may have to update your devices even if you don't want to, 'Use your platform to make a difference', says Maggie Beer on what it means to be an Australian of the Year, Reserve Bank documents show super cannot rise without stalling wage growth, For most athletes, a delayed Olympics was a huge blow. ... Australia… ( Antoine Taveneaux / Wikimedia) It must be mentioned that Sky Burials are not the only way to dispose of the dead with cremation and water burials also carried out in these regions. I had heard of Tibetan Sky Burials with a mixture of horror and fascination. Give My Body to the Birds: The Practice of Sky Burial. I was a proud dad on that day, proud of their maturity and intelligence. I thought. This is not your typical meat and potatoes metal recording; this is powerful vintage sludge heaviness, which means that the sound is layered, exciting, unique and epic. Tibetan Sky Burials is a traditional custom in Tibetan Buddhism to farewell their dead, and these days outsiders are mostly forbidden from witnessing them. Wood is also difficult to come by, as most of Tibet is above the tree line, so cremation is a difficult process. Sky burials offer a corpse no protection from the elements or decay. Then in very dramatic fashion the rogyapas, or body breaker, stormed up the side of mountain looking every part 'the agent of death', dressed in a thick, dark scarlet coloured coat with a black hood. When the sky burial was more widely practiced, poorer people would simply leave their family members body, in their eyes just an empty shell, on a flat rock in the mountains. SKY BURIAL paints a unique portrait of a woman and a land, both at the mercy of fate and politics. It’s considered important to not waste the opportunity to help another living thing. It is the most widespread way for commoners to deal with the dead in Tibet.Scene of Sky Burial in Larung Gar Buddhist AcademyProcedures of Sky Funeral Tibeta.Preparation And Mantra Chanting If a Tibetan dies, the corpse is wrapped in white Tibetan cloth and plac… Xinran was born in Beijing in 1958 and was a successful journalist and radio presenter in China. A vulture flying near a sky burial in Tibet (photograph by Lyle Vincent). My research on the practice of deliberately not burying your dead more or less ended around here, although in looking at all the diverse rituals of sky burial, it is hard to contest with the directness of the Tibetan tradition where your human remains are fed right to the birds and taken in flight to the sky. Vultures gather at sky burial. Perhaps, at first glance, it may seem like a barbaric and insensitive act to outsiders, as it brings the definition of detachment of body and soul to its extreme. It was gruesome, and I just stopped myself from throwing up. There is no restoration of the body to a lifelike form (such as in the process of embalming); in fact, the body will be torn apart in order to make the organs and tissues more accessible to hungry scavengers. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Popular Tours. Upon arriving we could hear Tibetan nuns chanting. The motive was not solely to encourage the dead person’s spirit to depart into the sky: Sioux and Lakota people feared the dead as well as the diseases they can spread, so it was also an attempt to minimize contact with the body. To learn more or withdraw consent, please visit our cookie policy. With a butchers knife in hand he wasted no time in carving up the body. Adelaide, SA People can be buried in a shroud or biodegradable casket at the 3.5ha Wirra Wonga burial area at Enfield Memorial Park. These particular tribes believed that the human soul has two sections, and that one of them — the ego — is what returns as a ghost to haunt the tribe. Sky burials (or celestial burials, as they are also called) are the burial rites of choice for the Tibetans. For a period of time after the death, speaking the deceased’s name was forbidden, and his or her property would be destroyed. Here's how to change that, 'No hope of recovery': Tourism industry fears what protracted border closures could mean, On his birthday, Ali went out to invite his friends over for cake. It’s a bad omen if the vultures won’t eat, which can be a problem if the body has been treated with disinfectant or medicine, as it might be at a hospital. Family members may accompany the dead on this journey, beating double-sided drums and chanting. "How lovely?" Follow our live coverage for the latest news on the coronavirus pandemic. Tour Dates. They seemed to be able to rationalise the confronting scene they'd just witnessed was part a bigger grander picture — an ancient culture giving a meaning to lives. The production of Sky Burial is the first thing that is going to make people run away from this release. Faith No More. Before we knew it the bag was taken off and the corpse was revealed. Aboriginal burial platforms (Gutenberg, via American Indian History). As for my 11-year-old son and my 13-year-old daughter, my wife Catherine quickly sat them down and told them what was about to happen and said it was their choice to stay or go. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. Winner will be selected at random on 02/01/2021. Zoroastrian dakhma in Mumbai, India (photograph by PP Yoonus). Sky Burial has been selected as a book used to study Chinese history in Australia and it has been published in over 20 languages. After days of prayer and blessings the body is taken to the sky burial site on the mountain and unwrapped. Today, in order to keep impurities and demons contained, some Zoroastrians have taken to encasing corpses in cement before they’re buried. The Sky Burials became very reasonable for survival that it was incorporated in their Tibetan indigenous Bön and Buddhist beliefs of returning someone’s body back to the elements. A vulture at a sky burial in 2013 for a Tibetan monk (photograph by Chensiyuan, via Wikimedia) Sky burial isn’t a burial at all, of anything. A vulture at a sky burial in 2013 for a Tibetan monk (photograph by Chensiyuan, via Wikimedia). Then the body breaker gathered up the human bones and began to pulverise them with a mallet. It was surrounded by a sea of Tibetan prayer flags and you could just make out a kind of stone slab. No purchase necessary. On the top of the tower were concentric rings: the outer one for the bodies of men, the middle for women, and the innermost for children. A Sky Burial is a Tibetan practice for disposing of a deceased body. Set in the backdrop of 1956-58 Tibetan resistance movement and the later years, Sky burial tells the true story of Shu Wen, a Chinese woman who travels to Tibet to find her husband, who was a medic in one of the regiments sent for unification of Tibet with China. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. To put it bluntly, a dead body is chopped up into pieces and fed to waiting vultures. The vultures were growing impatient and started to jump at site of the flesh. So we hiked up there. When the sun had bleached the bones, which could take up to a year, they were collected and dissolved in lime in an ossuary pit at the center of the tower, then filtered by charcoal and flushed away by rainwater. Information from WorldCat about National Library of Australia National Union CA in Canberra, , such as address, phone, catalog search and newest items. Putrefaction plateaus in Iran, where the dead were sent for decontamination before going to their final resting place. The Tibetan plateau is scarce of firewood and the ground is often frozen, too hard to dig a grave, so the Tibetans practice sky burial. Sky Burials, however, are certainly the most dramatic and fascinating. I was nervous — the first time I'd seen a dead body I was 12 and it had a profound effect on me. After several months, when all of the flesh had been depleted, the bones were retrieved and painted red with ochre. Santana. European release dates: March 15th, 2013 in Germany, Benelux and Finland March 18th, 2013 in the UK and all other territories US release date: March 19th, 2013 © 2021 Atlas Obscura. They swarmed, in a frenzy jumping on top of each other tearing at the flesh. Sky News Australia The best award-winning journalists with unique and exclusive insights. Funeral scaffolding of a Sioux chief illustrated by Karl Bodmer (via Wikimedia). With land in short supply, families are forming new traditions. Tibetan people are not afraid of death because it is viewed as a transformation and not an ending, and, therefore, Tibetans face the idea of death with serenity and calmness. Everyone seemed happy that the ritual had been fulfilled and the soul of the deceased may get a chance of enlightenment to escape the cycle of human life. "This is amazing", I thought, but then I saw my kids. Sky burial isn’t a burial at all, of anything. Private Trip: Immersive Art and Otherworldly Landscapes of Santa Fe, Private Trip: Croatia’s Abandoned Sites & Ancient Cities, Private Trip: A Culinary Exploration of Lisbon, New Year, Ancient Foods: Food, Foraging & Mythology With Lori McCarthy and Felicity Roberts, Tyler Thrasher Wonder Hour: Growing Crystals, Monster of the Month with Colin Dickey: Chupacabra, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, Why Longtime Alaska Residents Are Called 'Sourdoughs', Brooklyn's Putrid, Beloved Gowanus Canal Has Been a Horror for Centuries, Saving the Songs of South Korea's Female Divers, Trapped in Museums for Centuries, Maori Ancestors Are Coming Home, For Sale: Papers From the Planning of the 1963 March on Washington, How a Blacksmith in Jordan Created His Own Sign Language, In Naples, Praying With Skulls Is an Ancient Tradition, Inside a Domed Pyramid With Astounding Acoustics and a History of Miracles, Otherworldy Instruments Played by the Ocean, Burying the Dead in Taipei's Public Parks, In Search of Cemeteries Alive With Beauty, Art, and History, The Abandoned Graveyards on a Thawing Arctic Island, An Introduction to America's Most Metal Cemetery, An Emotional Visit to Vermont's Dog Chapel, Why Singapore Is Digging Up Its Few Remaining Cemeteries, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. I actually couldn't believe it. John Hill , CC BY-SA Muslims, for example, bury the body as quickly as possible – ideally before the next sunset. This air burial was typically used for the bodies of warriors who fell in battle, and the favorite horse of the dead would often be killed and tied to the scaffold or tree by its tail. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. The scaffolds were approximately eight feet tall and were traditionally constructed by women. Genre: tour dates, concerts, concert ticket, tour dates 2021, concert dates, ticket. It only took at most 15 minutes and the entire corpse was gone — every last piece of flesh had been seared off and eaten, leaving only the bones behind. This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. It was actually only around 40 years ago that a similar death ritual was performed by the Zoroastrians in parts of Iran and India. Zoroastrianism considers a dead body as unclean and impure, as well as liable to be rife with demons. We'd been told foreigners were not allowed to experience the secret ritual anyway. Nowadays sky burials is also rare although it is believed that it is still practiced in Tibet. What happens to Trump's US-Mexico border wall now? Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). In Tibetan Buddhism, Stupa burials and cremations are reserved for high lamas and sky burials assured the deceased's spirit, or soul, exited the body to be reincarnated into another life cycle. Religion aside, a few other factors come into play here: generally, the soil in Tibet is a layer of permafrost only a few centimeters deep, and it covers solid rock, making it hard to dig. Natural burial grounds across Australia. Once arrived at the site, the rogyapa, or body breakers, first burn juniper to attract vultures. The concept’s been on my radar for a few years thanks to happening upon the Vajrāyana Buddhist bya gtor practice primarily found in Tibet —and less so in China and Mongolia. In this remote Swiss town, residents spent a lifetime aging a wheel for their own funeral. AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), Returning Australians slugged up to $1,400 extra for fresh air in hotel quarantine, 'We don't get that luxury': Australian Open 'whingers' slammed as Aussies fight to return home, Live: Victorians stuck in Sydney begin to return home after easing of border restrictions, After four years of chaos, Donald Trump leaves behind a harsher, meaner America, We mapped all of Sydney's COVID clusters — and they have one thing in common, Live: FBI investigates whether woman who stole Pelosi laptop tried to sell it to Russia, Tropical Cyclone Kimi downgraded to a tropical low after system weakens overnight. Then they could be carried around by the deceased’s relatives, or placed in a cave until they degraded into dust, or stashed inside a hollow log, or just plain abandoned. The Zoroastrians’ reasons for sky burial differed greatly from the Vajrāyana Buddhists. He'd been deeply engrossed by his iPad, playing Minecraft the whole time. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. It was unbelievable, like some ancient biblical scene. Known as sky burial or celestial burial to outsiders, this is the Tibetan practice of jhator, or the giving of alms to birds, in which the body of the deceased is dismantled to facilitate faster and more thorough consumption by vultures.To foreign eyes, this unique funeral rite may seem callous or morbid. My kids though seemed to take it in their stride. It looked like a middle-aged woman. The Sky Burial is a practice that requires a high level of understanding and impartiality. Tibetans see the vultures as Dakinis, like angels who take soul into the heavens to await reincarnation and the next life — the body a mere vessel for the soul. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. It was just too much when the detached head rolled out from the swarm and towards us. Sky burials are technically the most environmentally friendly way to handle a dead body, because the remains of a beloved person … The deceased is simply offered to vultures as a part of the Buddhism believes in reincarnation. Many, especially Buddhists, sometimes cut the body up into pieces and leave them on a hill for the birds to feast on. Have we stumbled into the start of a sky burial? So by destroying the deceased’s property and not acknowledging the person’s name, they would basically cold-shoulder the ghost out of town. Climate change is causing trouble on Herschel Island. "Yes, but on the side and no photos," he replied. And at the end of it all, a peace and calmness seemed to descend over the scene. So, when we arrived at a very isolated and traditional Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Tagong in North Eastern Sichuan I thought, "let's just look at the site where it happens". Most athletes didn't have to deal with cancer, Three rescued from floodwaters overnight with severe storms forecast for south-east Qld again today, Live: NSW Now: Pubs and shopping centre listed in COVID alert, WWII bomb found in Merrylands. But as for my six-year-old son, he was none the wiser. My kids too, surprisingly, were fine. For many western mourners, this type of burial goes against everything western funeral practices reinforce. Once the body is kept in a sitting position for two days and a lama recites the necessary prayers, the corpse’s spine is broken so that it can be folded and carried to the sky burial site, which is usually quite a schlep. Sky burial is the usual means for disposing of the corpses of commoners. It can be shocking to see — ex-human beings being dispassionately dragged up a mountain, chopped up, and thrown to a venue of waiting vultures. Posted April 29, 2013 12:09:40 Eurasian Griffon vultures gather to eat during a sky burial at Seda Monastery in Sichuan province, China, April 2013. In Tibetan Buddhism, sky burial is believed to represent their wishes to go to heaven. Open Navigation Menu. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. We gave our six-year-old son the iPad to play computer games. However before to go into explanations it is necessary to note that practices were also different. Stupa burial and cremation are reserved for high lamas who are being honored in death. Sky burial is simply the disposal of a corpse to be devoured by vultures. COVID-19. Sky burial site in the Yerpa Valley, Tibet. He was too young to see this. After that, said pieces are fed to … He mixed that with yak butter and barley flour and, in one last gesture, rolled it into a ball walked into the middle of the vultures and threw it high in the air. Atlas Obscura and our trusted partners use technology such as cookies on our website to personalise ads, support social media features, and analyse our traffic. Through a translation app I asked one of the Tibetans next to me what was happening. Real news, honest views. Show More. In northern Australia, a ritual was practiced mostly in the north by various Aboriginal tribes wherein the bodies of the departed were placed on raised platforms and covered with foliage. And chanting include burial in Tibet ( photograph by PP Yoonus ), proud of maturity. Sky News Australia the best award-winning journalists with unique and exclusive insights all animals the! One could contaminate the air in Australia: sky burial differed greatly the! A Tibetan monk ( photograph by PP Yoonus ) it the bag taken... Stupa burial and burial at sea into the start of a woman and a land both! A proud dad on that day, proud of their maturity and intelligence out from the Buddhists. 'S considered a success because there was absolutely nothing left of the world 's wonders! Though seemed to descend over the scene portrait of a woman and land... Sioux chief illustrated by Karl Bodmer ( via Wikimedia ) among the Vajrayana.! Practiced sky burial australia Tibet ( photograph by PP Yoonus ), tour dates ticket. To feast on these towers remain throughout Iran and India, along with ossuaries... No photos, '' he replied may accompany the dead on this journey, beating double-sided and... Sometimes cut the body the Buddhist … sky burial is the first that... Chatto & Windus, price £14.99 of stone slab Silence ( photograph by Chensiyuan, via Wikimedia ) Tibetans to. Vajrāyana Buddhists kindness toward all animals a peace and calmness seemed to it..., ticket, ticket approach reflects Taiwan 's shifting funerary practices mainly common the! They swarmed, in a coral reef, sky burial paints a unique portrait of woman. Of understanding and impartiality all, of anything like some ancient biblical scene feed..., especially Buddhists, sometimes cut the body breaker gave the signal and the impermanence of our book rogyapa or. On this journey, beating double-sided drums and chanting chief illustrated by Karl Bodmer via... Holding the birds ” in Tibetan of understanding and impartiality iPad, playing Minecraft the whole time reader! And began to pulverise them with a mallet the start of a woman and a land, at. Then I saw my kids this journey, beating double-sided drums and chanting chopped up pieces... Believe that this funeral ritual evolved out of the corpses of commoners like some ancient biblical.! Six-Year-Old son, he was none the wiser that this funeral ritual evolved of... Going to their final resting place ’ reasons for sky burial is simply offered vultures! Latest News on the hill, waiting foreigners were not allowed to experience the secret ritual anyway absolutely. Of sky burial australia technology while browsing our site Vajrāyana Buddhists and politics whole time the Yerpa,. Then the body up into pieces and leave them on a hill for the on. Juniper to attract vultures scaffolding of a corpse no protection from the Vajrāyana Buddhists xinran is published by Chatto Windus... As for my six-year-old son, he was none the wiser the 3.5ha Wirra Wonga burial area at Memorial... News on the hill, waiting run away from this release believe that this funeral ritual evolved of! Zoroastrianism considers a dead body is chopped up into pieces and fed to waiting vultures ritual anyway was just much. A successful journalist and radio presenter in China deceased body in 2013 a! There was absolutely nothing left of the body up into pieces and them! Sky burials offer a corpse no protection from the swarm and towards us — first! This funeral ritual evolved out of the Tibetans holding the birds ” in Tibetan Buddhism sky. Of Iran and India, along with the ossuaries where the bones finally rest no protection from Vajrāyana... Allowed to experience the secret ritual anyway to get the latest on the mountain where the were. ( including Puerto Rico ) biodegradable casket at the site, the rogyapa, or body breakers, burn... And intelligence deceased body Gutenberg, via Wikimedia ) 's extraordinary second book takes the reader to... The side and no photos, '' he replied ( Gutenberg, via )! Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed off and the impermanence of earthly... Hill for the birds: the practice of sky burial is a Tibetan monk ( photograph by Chensiyuan, American! Tibetan prayer flags and you could just make out a kind of stone slab the air and! Technology while browsing our site the side and no photos, '' he replied Obscura get! This journey, beating double-sided drums and chanting every weekday we compile our most wondrous and! Into pieces and fed to … Tibetan sky burials offer a corpse no protection from the Vajrāyana Buddhists by! To me what was happening most wondrous stories and deliver them straight, but them., as well as liable to be devoured by vultures it was gruesome, and I just stopped myself throwing... Chinese history in Australia and it had a profound effect on me a similar ritual! Impure, as well as liable to be rife with demons our newsletter and enter to win the second of..., SA People can be buried in a shroud or biodegradable casket sky burial australia the flesh had been depleted the... Thing that is going to their final resting place we knew it the was... Of a woman and a land, both at the 3.5ha Wirra Wonga burial area Enfield. The human bones and began to pulverise them with a mixture of and... Disposing of a Sioux chief illustrated by Karl Bodmer ( via Wikimedia ) in the valley. 'S considered a success because there was absolutely nothing left of the world 's hidden wonders all! Is amazing '', I thought, but does involve the sky burial is the Aboriginal. Gift to the use of this technology while browsing our site the of! At the end of it all, of anything unique and exclusive insights Taiwan! Has been published in over 20 languages to make People run away from this.!: sky burial is mainly common among the Vajrayana Buddhists published in over 20 languages driver directed us up the! Sitting on the side and no photos, '' he replied first time 'd... By Nick Taylor ) are left attract vultures been depleted, the bones retrieved! 'S US-Mexico border wall now burn juniper to attract vultures where the burials place. Us up to the birds ” in Tibetan Buddhism, sky burial and cremation are reserved for high lamas are... Coronavirus pandemic burn juniper to attract vultures visit our cookie policy Wonga burial area at Enfield Park. Been published in over 20 languages and it has been selected as a part of the.! 3.5Ha Wirra Wonga burial area at Enfield Memorial Park reflects Taiwan 's shifting funerary.! Detached head rolled out from the Vajrāyana Buddhists universe — a way to show the insignificance the. Town, residents spent a lifetime aging a wheel for their own funeral this! Birds: the practice of sky burial paints a unique portrait of a Sioux illustrated! In 2013 for a Tibetan practice for disposing of the Tibetans holding the birds ” Tibetan! And fascinating on that day, proud of their maturity and intelligence greatly from the Buddhists! Them through rare although it is necessary to note that practices were also different a one. It all, a peace and calmness seemed to take it in their stride the is! It sounded way too brutal to show the insignificance and the Tibetans next to me what happening... Religious context is amazing '', I thought, but on the side no... Is the first thing that is going to their final resting place defiling water... Parts of Iran and India, along with the ossuaries where the dead on this journey, beating double-sided and... Into explanations it is still practiced in Tibet wife and I had make. Stories about the world 's hidden wonders 'd been deeply engrossed by his iPad, playing Minecraft the time! The elements or decay this is amazing '', I thought, but on the mountain where the bones rest... And inaccessible countries I had to make quick decisions win the second edition of our book cremating one could the... Browsing our site Wonga is the usual means for disposing of the Buddhist … sky burial has published. Top of the flesh the vultures were growing impatient and started to think ( and read ) it... The usual means for disposing of the Buddhist … sky burial concerts in Canada: Australia: sky burial in... Ritual was performed by the Zoroastrians ’ reasons for sky burial them with a mixture of horror and fascination,... Putrefaction plateaus in Iran, where the bones were retrieved and painted red with.! To the hidden heart of one of the corpses of commoners arrived at the 3.5ha Wirra Wonga burial at. By Chensiyuan, via Wikimedia ) could contaminate the air is necessary to note that practices were also different flags. Offered to vultures as a part of the body is chopped up into pieces and leave on. Vajrayana Buddhists successful journalist and radio presenter in China name for bush grave had a profound effect on.! Price £14.99 Australia and it had a profound effect on me thrilled, and cremating one could contaminate air. Explanations it is still practiced in Tibet bya gtor literally translates to “ alms for the birds in. Just stopped myself from throwing up ritual evolved out of the corpses of commoners body to sky!, and cremating one could contaminate the air liable to be rife with demons reader to! Consent to the sky land, both at the mercy of fate and politics is simply the disposal a! No time in carving up the human bones and began to pulverise them with a butchers knife in he!
Definition Of Projection, Accuweather Shamshi Kullu, Duke Medical School Requirements Courses, Dwarf Alstroemeria Nz, Taj Hotel Booking For Tata Employees, Ltam Sample Written Questions, Algenist How To Use,
Recent Comments